板蓝根中靛玉红含量测定方法的研究

研究在薄层色谱板上采用"展开-挖点"方法测定板蓝根中靛玉红含量,回收率达96.58%。     

Analysing spectral data: comparison and application of two techniques

This study compares two different methods of condensing complex spectral data into interpretable indices or metrics of colour. Colour spectra were measured on standardized Munsell colour paint chips and estimates of the three fundamental components of colour (brightness, chroma and hue) were generated using principal component analysis (PCA) and segment classification (SC). We tested the accuracy of these techniques for generating colour component estimates from spectral data in four different 'colour classes' (red/orange, yellow/ green, green/blue, and blue/purple) and in an aggregate data set containing all measured spectra. We conclude that both analysis techniques will generally provide more information than more conventional colour assessment techniques. Neither technique was superior under all conditions; appropriateness of each technique depends on the system under study. Efficacy of both techniques depends on the variability present in the data set; greater variance in colour tends to reduce overall resolution. An application of tfiese techniques is also presented in which we characterize sex-specific differences in colour between different populations of the poecilliid fish, Limia perugia.     

中国汉族成年女性与6个民族成年女性头面部软组织厚度的分析

中国汉族成年女性与６个民族成年女性头面部软组织厚度的分析陈守榕,邓国顺（辽宁省铁岭市公安局２１３研究所法医研究室,铁岭市１１２０００）当发现无名尸骨时,依据现场情况无法认定身源,可以用颅骨面貌复原的手段来初步恢复颅骨的本来面目,以达到缩小侦察范围的目...     

儿童青少年蹠骨骨皮质正常发育的X线研究

本文测量1607例正常儿童青少年第Ⅱ—Ⅳ蹠骨皮质厚度和皮质面积,并计算出三种相对指数。结果表明皮质厚度和皮质面积均随年龄增长逐渐增大,其发育在性别间有差异,其中前者出现两次交叉现象,符合人体发育规律;三种指数在年龄性别间无明显变化。本文认为蹠骨同掌骨一样也是骨量测量的最佳部位,建议最好用皮质厚度结合一种指数的方法判断骨量。本文为代谢性骨病的诊断和生长发育的评价提供了基础资料。     

华北人欧洲人和澳洲土著人的头骨厚度

The thickness of the cranial vault at the midline on the mid-frontal squama, pre-bregmatic einence, frontal at bregma, parietal at vertex, occipital at lambda and the external occipita1 protuberance was recorded in 40 male and 7 female Northern Chinese crania, 47 male and 52 female Australian Aboriginal crania and 13 male European crania using specially nodified vernier calipers. Comparison of vault thickness data obtained through direct measurement with those obtained fron lateral radiographs indicated that direct measurenent provided consistently more accurate results.
Male and fermale samples were processed separately so that the extent of sexbased variation could be examined.Student's t test was used to compare the sample means and the percentage of sexual dimorphism for each dimension was calculated according to Garn et al, (1964).The possibility of an allometric association between the thickness of the bones within the cranial vault, size of the cranial vault and stature was examined using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and the Australian Aboriginal sample.
All but one of the mean thickness dimensions in the Australian Aboriginal male sample is significantly greater than the Northern Chinese and European means. The female results support those obtained with the males.In both males and females thickness at the external occipital protuberance, in all of the populations examined,did not correlate highly with that obtained from other parts of the cranial vault.This reflects the high degree of morphological variation in the position of the internal occipital protuberance and its influence on cranial vault thickness dimensions recorded at the external occipital protuberance.The European and Northern Chinese samples have similar cranial vault thickness dimensions. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient matrix scores provide sone support for a biological association between vault thickness and overall cranial size. However, there appears to be little support for an association between stature and cranial vault thickness. The difference between the male and female mean vault thickness dimensions were significant at bregma, vertex and the external occipital protuberance in Australian Aboriginals and lambda and the external occipital protuberance in Northern Chinese. Some caution is needed in the interpretation of the Northern Chinese female data as the sample is extremely small.
Evidence of trauma, supressed fractures, is extremely common on the vaults of Australian Aboriginal crania from southern and central Australia. Traditionally Australian Aboriginals, males and females, involved in agressive dispute will use a substantial wooden implement and strike to the head of thir opponent(Meggitt 1962).The injuries that result from this are more common in females than in male. This form of social interaction must have rigorously selected against those individuals with thinner bones in their cranial vaults. To a large degree this may explain the greatly thickened vaults in Australian Aboriginals relative to Europeans and Northern Chines.This may also provide a clue to the factors resulting in the development of marked cranial vault thickness in Homo erectus.
     

高寒草甸常见雀形目鸟类的卵壳特征

作为胚胎发育的屏障,卵壳特征如卵壳厚度和气孔密度具有重要的生态学意义。本文研究了高寒草甸繁殖的7种代表性雀形目鸟类角百灵（Eremophila alpestris）、小云雀（Alauda gulgula）、黄头鹡鸰（Motacilla citreola）、树麻雀（Passer montanus）、粉红胸鹨（Anthus roseatus）、黄嘴朱顶雀（Carduelis flavirostris）、赭红尾鸲（Phoenicurus ochruros）的卵与卵壳特征,以探索在高寒缺氧环境下,不同科鸟类的适应性调节。结果发现,7种鸟类中,除小云雀和角百灵之外,其他鸟类的卵与卵壳特征均有显著的种间差异（除卵壳厚度和气孔直径之外）;对7种鸟类卵壳厚度、气孔密度、卵体积、卵重之间的线性拟合显示,卵壳厚度、卵体积与气孔密度均无显著相关性（卵壳厚度：P = 0.11,卵体积：P = 0.09）,卵重、卵体积与卵壳厚度呈显著正相关（卵重：r2 = 0.46,P ＜ 0.001;卵体积：r2 = 0.44,P ＜ 0.001）;对7种鸟类卵的数据与繁殖期雌鸟平均体重的线性拟合结果显示：平均卵重、卵壳厚度的差异与雌鸟体重成正相关（卵重：r2 = 0.66,P = 0.03;卵壳厚度：r2 = 0.92,P ＜ 0.01）;对6种鸟类（缺乏粉红胸鹨窝卵数数据）卵的数据与孵卵相关变量的线性拟合结果显示：卵壳厚度及气孔率与窝卵数成负相关（卵壳厚度：r2 = 0.64,P = 0.056;气孔率：r2 = 0.87,P ＜ 0.01）,6种鸟类（缺乏树麻雀巢杯指数数据）气孔率与巢杯指数或巢型无显著相关性（巢杯指数：P = 0.49,巢型：P = 0.435）。卵表面积和总气孔数解释了大部分气孔率差异（87%）,卵重和气孔率与孵卵期无显著相关（P = 0.77）,气孔率显著低于预期气孔率（P＜0.001）。这些结果表明,种间的遗传性（如成鸟的形态、窝卵数等）决定了大部分卵与卵壳特性的差异,但是为适应高寒低氧的气候特征,不同种的鸟都具有相对厚的卵壳和低的气孔率特征,说明环境因素同样影响卵的进化。另外,单纯的卵特性（卵体积和气孔率）并不能决定孵卵期的长短,亲鸟的孵卵行为同样具有重要的影响,角百灵虽然离巢频率相对较高,但是孵卵期却相对较短,这可能与其较高的气孔率有关。     

Technical note: Different techniques,different results—a comparison of photogrammetric and caliper-derived measurements

The primary goal of our study was to compare photogrammetric measurements with caliper-derived measurements. We also looked at the difference between caliper-derived measurements that were taken with and without the landmarks marked. Thirteen facial measurements were repeated ten times on two adult subjects as follows: 1) Calipers were used to take the measurements before the landmarks were marked on each subject's face; 2) the landmarks were then marked with a black pencil, and the calipers were used to take the measurements again; and 3) images were taken of each subject with the markings left on the face, and the measurements were extracted from these images. Compared with the caliper-derived data taken with the landmarks marked, the photogrammetric means and standard deviations were typically larger, leading us to conclude that there was a systematic difference between the data. The generally greater variation in the photogrammetric measurements was ascribed to poor conditions, such as shadows, oblique markings, and unmarked landmarks. When the data gathered by caliper with and without the landmarks marked were compared, a systematic difference was suggested by the number of statistically significant t-test probabilities. Marking the landmarks reduced the standard deviations in some measurements by controlling two sources of variation: differing pressure on the skin and slippage of the calipers. Anthropologists, medical geneticists, and others who use measurements for diagnostic or classificatory purposes should be aware that data gathered by different techniques may yield different results. Am J Phys Anthropol 106:547–552, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Problems with dimensionless measurement models of synchrony in biological systems

Synchrony is surprisingly complex even in the simplest cases. One strategy for simplifying complex phenomena is to define a dimensionless measurement model with the aim of (1) finding order, (2) comparing complex phenomena, and (3) making decisions about statistical significance. However, a model is only as good as its assumptions. In this paper, several types of dimensionless measurement models of synchrony among biological states are evaluated using the preceding criteria. These dimensionless measurement models are found to be inadequate even in the simplest cases of N individuals cycling through k non-overlapping states. Moreover, independent of their adequacy as measures of synchrony, there is the additional problem of the applicability of biological-state measurement models to rhythmic biological processes. Biological states are often just quantized observations of the phases of rhythmic biological processes. With the help of a concrete example, it is shown that quantizing the phases of a process into discrete states can lead to serious errors. These conclusions do not imply that the study of synchrony in biological systems is intractable. There are statistical approaches for detecting synchrony in groups and researchers are making progress towards understanding the general mechanisms of rhythmic phenomena in biological systems. Am. J. Primatol. 41:65–85, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Leptin to high-molecular-weight adiponectin ratio is independently correlated with carotid intima-media thickness in men,but not in women

Background: The leptin:adiponectin ratio (L:A ratio) is an independent predictor of carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT).

Objective: To evaluate whether the leptin:high-molecular-weight adiponectin ratio (L:HA ratio) is associated with CIMT in the general population.

Methods: We investigated the relationship between the L:HA ratio and CIMT in 233 Japanese study participants (106 men and 127 women).

Results: After adjustment for confounding factors, CIMT was significantly correlated with the log L:HA ratio (β?=?0.11, p?=?0.014) in men, whereas no correlation was observed in women (β?=?0.01, p?=?0.50).

Conclusion: The L:HA ratio is closely correlated with CIMT in men, but not in women.